Information

The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data, which is the plural of datum are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols that are unprocessed. The data being collected by Freeway Ford pertaining to the dates when cars were purchased and the names of the owners are just numbers and characters, and as my definition of Information below will show, the inability of Freeway Ford to translate this data into anything meaningful renders it short of being described as information. Information, on the other hand, is raw data that (1) has been verified to be accurate and timely, (2) is specific and organized for a purpose, (3) is presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and which (4) leads to increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty. The value of information lies solely in its ability to affect a behavior, decision, or outcome. A piece of information is considered valueless if, after receiving it, things remain unchanged. In the case of Freeway Ford, if the company had been contacting customers about routine maintenance with the data it had collected about the purchase dates of cars and the names of their owners, and if the company had further followed up three to four years later, when car owners are generally known to be ready to trade in their cars to try and get them to do trade-ins with Freeway Ford, the data they had collected would have translated into something useful, something that could change the way business was being done, and would have information.

A Character Sketch of Rudolph Steiner (the Green Door by O’Henry)

Rudolph Steiner belongs to the middle class of American society of the beginning of the 20th century. He is a piano salesman, a commonplace citizen on the one hand, but on the other hand he is (as the author characterizes him) â€Å"a true adventurer; few were the evenings on which he didn’t go forth from his hall bedchamber in search of the unexpected†. No matter where he goes, he tries to find an adventure in every thing possible. His adventurous spirit has already led him â€Å"into strange paths† several times, but he still retains it. This time, having received a card with the inscription â€Å"Green Door† from a dispenser in the street, he undertakes another evening journey. Rudolph Steiner is a commonplace American and not an American at the same time. He lives here but he is quite different from the capitalist majority. O’Henry characterizes Rudolph indirectly through his speech: †This is ridiculous to go without eatingI’m coming back tomorrow to see how you are getting along – you can’t get rid of me so easily†. This difference was (in those days) and is vitally important nowadays, Rudolph is deeply humane, despite the unspoken law of the society (as consequences of the so-called â€Å"social darvinism† – the fittest survive); he treats poor people the same way as all others and the financial state of a person he deals with is of no difference for him. We can draw this conclusion from his conduct towards the girl: he understands not only her helplessness, but spends his (probably all his) money to support her , to take her out of trouble, showing his philanthropic nature. Rudolph is awarded: the girl turns out not to be of the kind he thought before. He says: â€Å"All the same, I believe it was the hand of Fate that doped out the way for me to find her†. Rudolph Steiner is a character to draw people people’s attention to an acute problem of the society, to the disparaging treatment of the poor. The general outline of the story makes some critics think that it’s just for entertainment, like many others available on sale†, but it’s a one to make us think thanks to the character of Rudolph Steiner, a favourable exception among the majority.

GE Bildungsroman

The first stepping stone in Pip's coming of age is finding a place to belong. A quote that shows the fact that Pip did not know where his place was is when he says â€Å"l am ashamed to say it,† I returned, â€Å"and yet it's no worse to say it than to think it. You call me a lucky fellow. Of course, I am. I was a blacksmith's boy but yesterday; I am-?what shall I say I am-?to-day? † (Dickens 196). Before Pip knows where he belongs he lives the dreaded life of a blacksmith. He knows what he wants, but he must grow to achieve his goals.An instance in which Pip shows that he has found where he belongs is when he says â€Å"As passed the church, felt†¦ Sublime compassion for the poor creatures who were destined to go there, Sunday after Sunday, all their lives through, and to lie obscurely at last among the low green mounds† (Dickens 139). This quote shows how much Pip despised his old small town life. At this point in the story, he seems to know what he wants, and has no intention Of living and dying in the same place.Another quote which shows that Pip comes of age by finding where he belongs is when he tells Estella ‘You have been in every prospect I have ever seen since – on the river, on the sails of the hips, on the marshes, in the clouds, in the light, in the darkness, in the wind, in the woods, in the sea, in the streets† (345). Pip, completely infatuated with Estella, has found his place physically in London, but mentally with Estella. No matter what he cannot stop loving Estella and is convinced that she is the one for him.Pip had to first find where he was destined to be to come of age. Once Pip finds where he belongs, he also figures out who he can depend on, which is another milestone in Pip's coming of age. The first lifelong companion that Pip figures out he can depend on is Joe when he tells him â€Å"l sis it was only me that got put out, Pip; I wish there wasn't no Tickler for you, old chap; I wish I c ould take it all on myself†¦ † (50). Through Joe?s comforting and caring words, Pip knows he can depend on him as not only a best friend but a father.Despite the abuse of Mrs.. Joe, he wants to do right by women, and more than anything else, he wants to protect Pip, in which Pip comes to realize and respect about him. Another person Pip learns he can depend on is Biddy, from which he says â€Å"She was not beautiful – she was common, and could not be like Estella ; but she was pleasant and wholesome ND sweet-tempered† (131). Although he will never love her in the way he loves Estella, Pip will always trust and depend on Biddy because of her patient behavior and her role in helping Pip with his education.Biddy is a constant in Pip's life, a stable aspect in which he knows he can always depend on. Another person who Pip depends on throughout his coming of age is Miss Having when she says â€Å"You made your own snares. Never made them† (361 Pip can depe nd on Miss Having to be honest with him. Without the honesty from Miss Having, it would be harder for Pip to grow up. Once Pip learned whom he could depend on, those individuals helped him grow up and come of age.After learning who was most important in his life, another stepping stone in Pip's coming of age was learning what is most important in life. A quote that shows the fact that Pip did not know what was actually important is when he says â€Å"l was to leave the village at five in the morning†¦ And I told Joe that was to walk all alone. I am afraid†¦ That this purpose originated in my sense of the contrast there would be between me and Joe, if we went to coach together (156). Pip was so concerned about his social status that he Was ashamed to be seen with Joe.Before Pip learns what is most important in life, he thinks it is his social status. A quote showing Pip's transition into realizing the important aspects of life is when he thinks, â€Å"It was fine summer w eather again, and, as I walked sunshine should be softened as they thought of me (260). In this thought, Pip is reminiscing on his childhood and with this develops a hope to be remembered after he is gone. Pip comes to realize in the back of his mind that he wants to be remembered or his personality, and not so much his status.Another quote in which Pip finally realizes what is most important is when he states â€Å"l washed the weather and the journey from my face and hands, and went out to the memorable old house that it would have been so much the better for me never to have entered, never to have seen† (270). Pip comes to the conclusion that he would've been better off if he had never entered the sati house or ever became infatuated with the idea of being wealthy. Pip opens his eyes to realize that the road to wealth and status never even mattered, and this is here he comes of age.

Law Enforcement Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcement Technology - Essay Example The information technology and electronic gadgets have significantly impacted the performance of policing in states and helped enforce law and order. Chan (2001) asserts that information is stock-in-trade of policing which considerably influences enforcement of law. The ready access to information, especially criminal records becomes vital ingredient in investigating and preventing crimes. The various agencies, including police use sophisticated gadgets to coordinate and track crimes and criminals. Computer based crime mapping has revolutionized policing. GIS or geographical information system facilitates and help create pattern of crime within the defined geographical location so that spatial trend in crime is easily identified. It helps to manipulate and display geographical knowledge in new and exciting ways (Cowen 2001, p. 3). GPS or global positioning system is another important technology that is used for direction and identifying route maps to locate crime or track criminals or suspects. Chicago police was the first to use technology to collaborate with community and enhance mechanisms of controlling crimes. It introduced CAPS or Chicago Alternative police Strategy to solve neighborhood problems. ICAM or Information Collecting for Automated Mapping is its key tool that has 90 days relevant data related to crime hot spots including maps, graphs and details of reported crimes (Skogan & Hartnett, 1996). It is updated and accessible to community for transparent community policing. This has been adopted by other states to improve policing and reducing crime. Real time Computer Aided Detection System is another important tool that helps monitor illegal entry of cross border immigration, drug trafficking etc. Indeed, the geo-mapping helps to analyze and create linkages and patterns of crime for determining the potential risk factors and identification of

Cash Flows in Business Organisations Coursework - 1

Cash Flows in Business Organisations - Coursework Example On the other hand, net cash flow can be defined as the difference between the cash that is brought in and that goes out of a company. First, to understand the underlying factor causing the difference in these two major accounting items, it is imperative to be known that the determination of a company’s net profit for the financial period depends on some criteria as provided by the GAAP (Eisen 2007, pp. 101-110). Unlike net profit, cash flow determination is not affected by any criteria. Second, the difference is brought about by the fact that some expenditure considered as non-cash such as the depreciation costs are deducted from the revenue in order to obtain the net income. On the other hand, these non-cash costs are added back to obtain the net cash flow. Third, the difference may be caused by the rules regulating the recognition of revenues and expenditures, which do not apply to a cash flow statement but to the profit and loss account. Consider a company with a net income of $ 1,117,500. To obtain the company’s cash flow, some costs such as the amortization ($ 101,100) are added back to the net income to obtain the net cash flow. Therefore, $ 1,117,500 + 101,100 + (or less other items) will result in a higher value of net cash flow as compared to the net income (Gilbertson & Lehman 2009, pp. 428). As provide in the international accounting standards 7, the indirect method of cash flow presentation involves beginning with the net income, which is then adjusted to obtain the net cash flow. On the other hand, the direct method specifically shows the cash inflows that make up the operating activities as shown in appendix 1a and 1b (Jury 2012, pp. 228-230). Operating activities: The extracts of operating activities of the two companies are available under appendix 2. In the year 2011 and 2012, the following are the cash flow analysis: Viacom has net earnings of $ 2,173,000 and

Living with Diabetes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Living with Diabetes - Assignment Example The researcher states that his friend did get remission from diarrhea; however her family physician asked her to get blood checked in the laboratory for parasites, hemoglobin, leukocytes count and cholesterol level. On seeing blood report, a doctor said that her fatigue was not due to lack of hemoglobin. The doctor also measured her blood pressure to check if she suffered from hypertension; however, both the readings were normal. Her blood report described above normal sugar levels. Those who suffer from diabetes face risk of developing several health complications such as stroke leading to cardiac arrest and amputation. Since she was suffering from shortness of breath and no infection was apparent, the doctor sent her to a cardiologist to check if her cardiogram is normal. Doctor recommended her some diet changes and asked her to take nutritious food. Unfortunately, yesterday only she missed steps while coming down and got her ankle sprained. Observing inflammation on her right ankl e and her inability to walk, the physician thought about medical triage to provide her relief and reduce her trauma. Physiologist also wanted to check if the incident could lead to any kind of myopathy in associated leg muscles so that timely action can be taken.

The effect of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing performance and stress Essay

The effect of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing performance and stress levels - Essay Example During the last decade, researches have flourished to define, measure, and differentiate emotional intelligence from other types of intelligence, and examined its value and its relation with other variables, such as behaviors, characteristic, processes, and outcome. Emotional intelligence was also used in the field of psychology, education, business, leadership, and recently health care and nursing. In nursing, the emotional intelligence is a topic of keen interest in these few years (Quoidbach and Hansenne, 2009). Several claims are reported noting that emotional intelligence does not only play a significant role in nursing but also in other areas, such as, managing emotions, regulating relationships, facilitating decision making and communication, empowering leadership, and as a guide to success and perfection. In contrast, there are some critiques that condemn emotional intelligence for being vague, poorly defined, immeasurable, and over magnified (Smith et al., 2009). Aim of the Paper The aim of this paper is to critically review the literature of emotional intelligence and its effect on improving nursing performance at individual and team levels in addition to reducing stress, burnout and health complains. The possibility and the degree of enhancing emotional intelligence, and its applicability in real life will be discussed in this paper. The Emotional Intelligence concept has been born in literature by Salovey and Mayer in 1990, who defined it as an ability to inspect, perceive, manage and employ emotions of self and others in order to achieve success. As a result of this concept, Salovey and Mayer (1990) created a model known as The Ability Model. Although emotional intelligence became scientifically noticed within the academic field, it had only bore limited publicity during that time. Not until the publication of an emotional intelligence book by Goleman in 1995 when it gained its popularity. Goleman's emotional intelligence model called Mixed or Perf ormance Model, is the most popular model, which merges personality traits and emotional domains, and pay attention to performance outcomes. Several emotional intelligence models and tools have emerged thereafter; however, even though these models have used different wordings, the four common domains were still shared by most of these models. These domains include self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, and relationship management. The emotional intelligence tools from the aforementioned models varied according to its way of defining, understanding emotional intelligence and the model it’s derived from, but at the end, most of these tools have common purpose which is to measure emotional intelligence with different validity and reliability (Beauvais et al., 2010, Landa et al., 2007, Kooker et al., 2007, and Smith et al., 2009). Search Strategy To begin with, broad scope search was done via several databases and search engine, such as the Emerald, Wiley, Ovid, and Go ogle scholar, but most of the papers were found on Science direct. At first, the results were as many as 33,318 using emotional intelligence as the key word; nevertheless, the result starts to drop gradually from 10,678 to 79 papers after using more specific key words such as emotional intelligence and performance, emotional intelligence and team, emotional intelli

Factory Gate Pricing (FGP) Definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Factory Gate Pricing (FGP) Definition - Essay Example This essay stresses that since the business of groceries involves a variety of different skills at each level of the supply chain, FGPs can make value addition transparent and encourage channel members to specialize in the greater consumer benefit. Agriculturists should not have to worry about transport and logistics, and should focus on productivity and food safety instead. Recent incidences of mad cow disease and bid flu have put new premiums on growing technology. Concerns about chemical pollution also need dedicated attention. Farmers should have attractive FGPs for quality produce that meets specifications at affordable rates. Processing uses a completely different set of technologies. Processors need FGPs which encourage proper investments in dressing meat, removing harmful microbes and extending shelf-life. Processors may also contribute to visual appeal of grocery products through preservation techniques which retain original forms and qualities. Transportation and logistics are specialized areas of operational excellence which other members of the chain need not duplicate. Equitable and transparent FGPs will benefit all stakeholders involved with groceries. This paper declares that partners in the grocery supply chain who lack core competencies in Information Technology may face potential exclusion with the introduction of FGP. Participants and traders who do not have sophisticated product costing systems in place may lose many revenue opportunities by understating their FGPs. This is especially the case with agriculturists who may not have very detailed and accurate accounting systems. FGPs do exist in the grocery business already, but there is little transparency of how these price levels are fixed. They are also unrelated to value addition, and are influenced instead by negotiating leverage. This rarely operates in

A business conferences in North Wales Assignment

A business conferences in North Wales - Assignment Example This research will begin with the long – term and short – term goals of Business Conference PLC. The short – term goal of Business Conference PLC under the current situation can be to successfully conduct the upcoming business conference. This short term goal can be achieved by the company by taking into account the overall cost and benefit analysis of the conference. If the benefits earned from the conference are higher than the costs incurred in conducting this conference, it leads towards the achievement of short-term goal. There are different points in time where the company can foresee whether the conference can be successful or not. For instance, at the time of initial planning the company can make best judgments whether the estimates are good enough for the successful organization of the conference. At the time of booking, the company can realize the success of the conference by considering the interest of the delegates. Under economic terms, the most rele vant cost for short term decision making is the variable cost. There might be different long –term goals of the company including the expansion of the business in different geographical boundaries, growth in revenues etc. These goals can be achieve by conducting long – term strategic planning regarding the achievability of those goals. Every cost matters a lot when long – term time horizon is kept into consideration. Therefore, the company needs to evaluate it financial, human and technological resources in the long – term as part of its strategic planning.... Viability of the Conference If the overall cost and revenue analysis of this particular conference is taken into consideration, it can be seen that Business Conference PLC will reap too much benefits from conducting this particular conference. The overall cost estimates of the company relating to this particular project are quite low and the determined price to be charged from the delegates is quite high. Under the existing situation, if the company expects around 200 delegates to attend the conference at ?750 per delegate fees, the company can successfully generate total revenue of ?150,000. However, if the costs are analyzed, it can be observed that variable cost pertaining to 200 delegates is just ?108, thus earning a huge contribution of around ?642 which is more than enough to cover the fixed costs of the company which are around ?20,970. Hence at the existing level of operations, this particular conference is highly viable for the company to conduct and the company can reap a b enefit of around ?107,430. If the viability of the conference is considered with respect to other determinants in respect of breakeven level, profitability if the delegates are reduced or the price per delegate is reduced, the company is still in a good position to conduct this conference such that the company would be in no profit no loss situation if only 33 delegates attend the conference. If the number of delegates is reduced by 50% i.e. only 100 delegates attend this conference, even then the company can earn ?43,230. On the other hand, if the price per delegate is reduced by 50% and kept at ?375 per delegate, even then the company is in a

John Broadus Watson Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

John Broadus Watson - Research Paper Example Watson’s childhood John Broadus Watson was born on 9th of January 1878 in the village of Travelers Rest, South Carolina and his parents were Emma Kesiah Roe Watson and Pickens Butler Watson. His birth was in a poor farmer’s family and there are contradictions regarding his sibling particulars among experts. Watson’s mother was immensely religious and an active member of the Reedy River Baptist Church which made him to involve in religious activities during his childhood. His mother expected him to become a minister and so she kept his name after John Albert Broadus, a minister of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and she tried to keep her family always close to the church and she never let her family members to drink, smoke and dance. Watson’s father, on the other hand, was least religious. He used to drink and chase women and eventually separated from his family in 1891. Watson’s childhood was immersed in poverty and isolation. ... He engaged himself in a part time job at a chemical laboratory to pay his college fees and continued to live with his family during his college days. Watson was influenced by Gordon B. Moore who taught him philosophy and psychological works of Wundt and James at his college. Watson was not happy with his brother Edward and there had been constant clashes between these two brothers and Edward considered Watson as a shame to his family. Watson’s graduation took one additional year to complete and he made it in 1899 as he was flunked by his favorite teacher in 1898. But there is an interesting counterpart to the story and it restarts at the point when Watson received a letter form Gordon B. Moore requesting to accept him as a research student under the guidance of Watson. But unfortunately Moore died soon after loosing his eyesight before starting his research under the supervision of his former student. Even though it is true that Watson had to spend one additional year to compl ete his graduation at Furman; the extra year benefited him to achieve a post graduation at the age of 21. The Chicago era Watson worked in a tiny school at Greenville as a teacher for a monthly salary of $25 after completing his graduation form Furman and it was the death of his mother which made him think about going for higher studies in the University of Chicago or in Princeton. He applied in both the universities and decided to choose Chicago by recognizing the fact that it is necessary to have thorough knowledge of Greek and Latin to go on with his studies at Princeton. His favorite faculty at Furman who flunked him was also from the University of Chicago and this was yet another personnel reason behind his decision. He took

Los Angeles sky-rocketing Essay Example for Free

Los Angeles sky-rocketing Essay A1. The existence of poverty is not directly related to the amount of natural resources a country owns or not. Poverty, in today’s world greatly depends on the ability to exploit those natural resources. Countries in South America are blessed with significant amounts of natural resources. Yet, when one travels to these places, it is amazing to see the amount of poverty that still prevails there. The question of the existence of poverty when there are enough natural resources to eradicate them is a natural instinct from the human mind. But it should be remembered that economic welfare and growth and development all depend to a great extent on the human capital available to tap in those resources. It is not possible for a country to remove poverty on the basis of natural resources if there are not enough skilled workers or entrepreneurs willing to take the risk of exploiting these resources. Equally important is government support and willingness to explore these natural resources. It should also be remembered that despite the availability of natural resources some countries cannot get rid of the poverty crisis due to there being not enough initiatives form the government and people within these countries owing to the prevailing economic conditions of these countries. A2. The lowering of interest rates by the U. S. Fed resulted in a lot of dollars floating around in peoples pockets. These had to be invested somewhere: this led to the demand for homes in Los Angeles sky-rocketing. However, this surge in demand saw a surge in home prices by an average of 250%. (How Low will Los Angeles Home Prices Go? ) Buyers cannot keep up pace with the high increases in house prices for so long. The supply of homes in Los Angeles is not at its saturation point. With new constructions in full swing and a lot of mega projects underway, there is avid supply of Los Angeles houses in the next five years or so. The demand for houses grew since the federal interest rates were cut. This led to a double phenomenon of growing demand as well as growing supply. In terms of economics, this leads to high equilibrium prices but the equilibrium quantity depends on the magnitude of the increases in demand and supply. In the case of Los Angeles houses, the demand has grown more than the supply. Therefore, many â€Å"well-price† houses are still selling. However, in the long-run this is a bubble-burst situation. There is a high possibility of the home prices in Los Angeles bursting out of reach of the average buyer. This bubble could continue to grow till there is a shift in Federal interest rates. This could happen by the end of 2008 or at the beginning of 2009. Till then, I would expect house prices to continue growing at a fast pace while supply would be consolidated. Therefore, then I would expect the price bubble to burst by the beginning of 2009, or due to a major change in monetary policy by the Fed. Bibliography How Low will Los Angeles Home Prices Go? City-Data. com. 4 July 2008 http://www. city-data. com/forum/california/137609-how-low-will-california-home-prices-3. html.

Performance appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance appraisal Essay Performance appraisals are tools that measure and evaluate a persons performance on the-job for a certain amount of time. There are many different types of appraisal techniques to assess the companys employees. Frequently these evaluations can lead to better benefits, promotions, and other rewards. The question is why do companies use appraisal systems? This paper will discuss the systems and answer this question. The performance appraisal assists in the monitoring and evaluating of high-quality and low-quality work performance inside the service organization. The performance appraisal system, when conscientiously integrated with the organizations mission, strategic plan, structure, job design, and motivation and reward system, can serve as a valuable tool to change the personnel profile in a positive way (Kettner, 2002). Performance systems are only good if they are carried out accurately by the managers or supervisors and are tactically planned out. A good Manager or supervisor can associate the objectives of an organization to a certain job tasks. The employees should be well aware of the company expectations of them before the appraisal. Good communication is crucial in the performance appraisals systems processes. The person doing the appraisals is to remain bias free in turn for the process to work accurately. The appraiser must assess the sections of performance that may need to be improved upon. For the most part of the process the appraiser needs to stay in the shadows and just watch the employees work without their knowledge, because when people know they are being evaluated they tend to mess up . Specific norms inside the ratings need to be set up in turn to reward performance successfully. The evaluation cannot just have a one or a two in evaluating people are different and should use a larger scale. Evaluating several qualities is the framework for an excellent performance appraisal procedure. The most important thing to remember throughout the process is to remain truthful and honest. An exceedingly industrious performance appraisal system will have the chance for staff enhancement. A well-integrated performance appraisal system is tied to the work performed, accurately indicates, through a scoring system,  each employees level of performance, and provides a reliable indicator of an employees strengths and weaknesses (Kettner, 2002). The top five employees after the appraisal may see beneficial rewards or an increased salary. This appraisal will happen frequently to give everyone a chance for the rewards. These appraisals will be conducted in a timely manner with little delay to work. A good performance appraisal can have a number of things, some are listed below. †¢Finishes all work in a timely manner†¢Abides by businesses procedures for work†¢Work is orderly and correct†¢Works as an individual or with a group good†¢On time for work†¢Takes notes in meetings and is involved†¢Uses time wisely and prioritize effectively†¢Initiates and remains productive with constant cooperation†¢Appreciate rules and regulations†¢Implements policies and procedures†¢Adapts to changes within the business†¢Uses procedures to resolve problemsCompleting work in a timely manner makes the task easier to complete, there will not be a great deal of work waiting for the next day. In order top have work completed in a timely manner the work and space needs to be organized. The more organized a person is the better he will do in the organization. Work and other aspects in life are alike, for example, if a person is organized in life then he will be at work to. Most people believe time costs money so if the time is being wasted then so is money, this is the reasons for procedures and protocols. Procedures are important to follow because this will cause fewer problems down the line. Rules and regulation need to be followed to the T because they are there to help keep things running smoothly. Problem-solving techniques are always a good thing to see. A good worker always uses policies and procedures to solve minor problems; this will look good during appraisals. Without procedures and policies to follow there would be chaos, people would be unable to work together. An employee needs to be able to work well with a group or by him self to grow in the work environment. A good employee is able to take notes while in a group meeting to refer to later if needed. Employees need to get involved with important conversations and voice their opinions for other to hear on a  topic. The more the employee talks and is cooperating the better he will be able to do his job. Time is important in any business, so it is crucial to be on time for work everyday. When the employee is late he might have missed an important meeting or crucial information. The employee needs to be able to prioritize and make sure things are in order to work effectively. Most important of all an employee needs to be able to accept and be able to adapt to change. The business community is changing every day and the business and employees need to change with it. A performance appraisal of the employees happens everywhere whether there is an official system in place or not. In a small company the official system is probably not used due to the fact there are not numerous employees. While in larger companies the formal appraisal system is a must because there are a number of employees that need to b e watched and rewarded if needed. Appraisals are meant to reward those who work hard and for those who could need a little extra boost to keep them going. This type of acknowledgment and ways to prevail over the problems are best accomplished by offering training to those who need it. When the appraisal is done, the results should be able to tell the manager or supervisor who needs rewarded and who needs a little help. The employees should understand that the appraisal is there to help them not to hurt them. When improvements are decided on the employees, managers, and supervisors should agree on these. The employees should be able to have a say in what type of training they would be doing because if the do not like it then it would be a waste of time. The performance appraisal ought to improve an employees inspiration and show the way for a course to new opportunities and adventures. References Kettner, P. (2002). Achieving excellence in the management of human service organizations. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Factors of Acute Kidney Injury

Factors of Acute Kidney Injury 1. Introduction: Kidneys are the important two paired organs of our body that function normally under the physiological limits. Kidneys may lose its normal functioning under certain circumstances paving way to a disease state of kidney. These kidneys as termed filter units of the body function to excrete waste substances from the body. Similar to the other diseases of the body, kidney diseases result in life threatening dilemma of the society, with inclusive pathological causes and related social norms. In following section various aspects of acute kidney injury (failure) are discussed in detail. 2. Acute Kidney Injury: Studies related to ‘’acute kidney failure (ARF)’’ were jeopardized for over past decades due to the conflicting definitions and varied diagnostic criteria of the disease by different investigators, though, all reached to an agreement that a decline in renal function for over the time of hours to days is the distinct characteristic feature of ARF. In the year 2005, an initiative has been taken by Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) for replacing the term ‘’Acute Kidney Failure’’ to ’Acute kidney Injury (AKI)’’ (Mehta et al, 2007).However, this definition was further improved in the year 2007, which is mostly accredited to as the RIFLE criteria (Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss of function-End stage renal disease). Moreover, elevated serum creatinine level and deceased urine output are included in the diagnostic criteria. The first three stages of AKI including stage 1 – r isk, stage 2 – injury and stage 3 failure with diagnostic criteria are shown in the Figure 1 (Kellun et al, 2005). Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a rapid and reversible decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from few hours to weeks,that can occur in the setting of previously normal renal function (‘classic’ ARF) or in a patient with pre-existing chronic renal disease (‘acute-on-chronic’ renal failure). Clinically, ARF is further subcategorized in two distinct types, firstly on the basis of being oliguric (urine output 500 ml/day), and secondly on being dialysis dependence (Schrier et al, 2004). Patients are classified in three categories depending on their risk of renal dysfunction, type of kidney injury, and the degree of kidney failure, which is further associated with two clinical outcomes: Loss and End-stage renal disease (RIFLE). ARF (Loss) is defined as the requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for a period of more than 4 weeks, whereas end-stage renal disease is defined as dependence on dialysis for a period of more than 3 months. Patients with acute renal dysfunction without presenting a baseline measure of renal function are evaluated for the presence of chronic renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula is used to predict ‘normal’ GFR is there is no evidence of chronic renal disease, which thus is helpful in assessing the severi ty of the ARF episode (Lameire et al, 2006). 2.1. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury: Evaluation of theaccurateand factual epidemiological characteristics of ARF is hinderedby various reasons such as, lack of a generally accepted definition, gender disparity, issue of lacking consult with a doctor, financial issues in transplantation and treatment and delayed treatment, especially in developing countries, which all together contribute in hampering proper assessment of incidence of acute kidney injury (Cerdà ¡ et al, 2008). Furthermore, deviation in catchment populations and methods used for case ascertainment also result in difficulties for ARI evaluation. The rate of acute kidney injury holds difference in the general population, designated differently as three groups, community-acquired acute kidney injury, the hospitalized patients and critically ill patients of intensive care unit (ICU). 2.1.1. Community Acquired Acute Kidney Injury: Generally, ARF occurs rarely in community settings. After exclusion of those who suffered chronic renal failure, ARF was found developed in 172 adults per million people (pmp) per year in an unselected population(Singbartl et al., 2000).The incidence ranged between 17 pmp/year and 949 pmp/year for adults (less than 50 years of age) and those aged between 80 years and 89 years, respectively. Acute dialysis was administered to 22 pmp(Liano et al) and it was foundin a research study conducted for over a period of 9 months at 13 tertiary care hospitals in Madrid, Spain that the overall incidence of ARF is about 209 cases pmp. Moreover, it has been reported that community-acquired ARF in the US account for 1% of hospital admissions(Schnermann, 2003). Pre-renal ARF and acute-on-chronic renal failure have been reported to be associated with dehydration particularly in elderly people, use of drugs such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in highrisk patients, and heart failure(Schnermann, 2003). Also, 0.69% of admissions of African Americans were accounted for de novo ARF. The incidence of community acquired ARF in this population was 3.5 times more than that of hospital-acquired ARF; with several patients having underlying medical conditions(Noiri et al., 2001).Disasters in particular earthquakes, many other causes of crush syndromes such as accidents, rhabdomyolysis resulting from infections, coma, and seizures, usage of drugs particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and vascular events such as thrombosis of vessels are associated with community-acquired ARF. Furthermore, hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to infection with Escherichia coli or Shigella is a common cause of ARF, as is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children. Diarrheal diseases, hemolysis, tropical and non-tropical infections, and snake bites are causative factors of ARF in tropical areas such as India and Africa. The overall incidence of obstet ric-related ARF has declined for over many years (Melnikov et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2003). Medicines that are prescribed by traditional healers which mostly comprise mixture of herbs and unidentified chemicals for oral administration or as enemas constitute a distinct class of nephrotoxins in Africa and Asia(Jha V and Chugh2003) 15. Venoms of sea snakes, viper snakes and stinging insects, and raw gallbladder and bile of carp and sheep are present in common animal-derived nephrotoxins. Moreover, common edible plants such as djenkol beans, and mushrooms and medicinal herbs including impila, as well as cat’s clawcomprise botanical nephrotoxins (Melnikov et al., 2001).Nephrotoxicity which is caused by different chemicals can be due to accidental exposure to chemical such as chromic acid in industrial work places or due to use of chemicals such as copper sulphate, ethylene dibromide or ethylene glycol with suicidal or homicidal intent. 2.1.2. Hospital-acquired: The incidence of hospital acquired ARF surpasses that of community-acquired ARF by 5–10 times, being 0.15–7.20% in hospitalized patients (Nash et al., 2002). Surveysthat are used for hospital-acquired ARF under estimate the true incidence, as cases that include terminal patients are not either referred for treatment for ARF or are not screened for ARF. Out of 311 unselected hospitalized patients with ARF, 22% were referred to a nephrologist in an assessment in unselected patients. Age and comorbidities of patients at presentation influenced the referral(Zuk et al., 2001) and by different referral patterns to the site of care including district general hospital, tertiary referral centre, general ICU, and cardiothoracic ICU. In a prospective hospital-based study of ARF, the estimated incidence with need for RRT was reported to be 203 pmp/year, having patients with acute-on-chronic renal failure inclusive (Metcalfe et al., 2002). A significant elevated level in the inciden ce of hospital-acquired ARF has been observed over the period of past decades. The US National Center for Health Statistics National Hospital Discharge Survey reported that the number of hospitalizations with a diagnosis of ARF has increased dramatically, from 35,000 in 1979 to more than 650,000 in 2002, depicting an yearly rate of increase of over 13% which may be due tovarious comorbidities of the hospitalized population, increasing age of the population, increased occurrence of risk factors for ARF including chronic kidney disease and diabetes, and furtherprevalent use of intravenous contrast agents for imaging and cardiovascular techniques. Ischemic and/or toxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) are marked the main causes of hospital-acquired ARF. Most of the time, there involves multi factorial causes including, encompassing postsurgical ATN, chemotherapy-induced ARF, ARF secondary to sepsis, contrast agents or drugs such as antibiotics, allopurinol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and proton-pump inhibitors, and ARF due to a clot or atheroembolism. In spite of the shift in the etiology of hospital-acquired ARF over last few decades, prerenal conditions having manifestationsuch as reduced rates of renal perfusion stays to be leading causative factor of ARF (about 40% of cases). The trend in developed countries towards an elevated incidence of ARF in hospitalized patients due to drugs, different infections and surgeries has been observed in China(Wang et al., 2005)as well as in India (Prakash et al., 2003). 2.1.3. ARF in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU Patients in ICU, exhibit ARF many times associated with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (JoannidisMetnitz, 2005). The findings of a multinational epidemiological study of ARF presented results that showed occurrence of ARF in 1,738 (5.7%) patients during their stay in ICU out of total sample size of 29,269 patients in ICUs of 54 study centers in 23 countries(Uchino et al., 2005), with period prevalence ranging from 1.4% to 25.9% in all study centers. 1,260 (4.2%) of the patients out of overall patients with ARF were treated with RRT. Many ICU patients were considered for ATN in the setting of multi-organ failure (Mehta et al., 2004). 2.2. Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury most importantly comprises two mechanisms that include loss of autoregulation and increased renal vasoconstriction. In experimental animals, acute ischemic injury is found associated with a considerable loss of renal autoregulation (Abuelo, 2007). Also, in case of decrease in renal perfusion pressure, there occurs normal autoregulatory renal vasodilation, evidence has been reported exhibiting renal vasoconstriction in case of ischemic kidney. Moreover, acute ischemic insult has been found associated with rise in the response to renal nerve stimulation (Abuelo, 2007). The increase vasoconstrictor response has been observed to the exogenous norepinephrine and endothelin, in the acute ischemic kidney (Basile, 2007). These vascular anomalies experienced during ischemic kidney are related to the resultant elevation of cytosolic calcium observed in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus. The pathogenetic role of elevated cytosolic calcium concentr ation in the afferent arteriole of the ischemic kidney is supported by the observation that intrarenal calcium channel blockers can reverse the loss of autoregulation and the subsequent rise in sensitivity to renal nerve stimulation (Abuelo, 2007). The mitochondrial calcium build-up in the ischemic kidney is found to be reversed by calcium channel blockers administration (Starkov et al., 2004). Moreover, calcium channel blockers have been shown to lessen renal dysfunction and toxicity associated with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine following cadaveric renal transplantation, when administrated prior to the ischemic insult (Starkov et al., 2004). 2.2.1. Outer medullary congestion: The outer medullary congestion of the kidney is yet one of the vascular hallmark of acute renal ischemia. Previous research studies have proposed that the outer medullary congestion of the kidney further worsens the relative hypoxia in the outer medulla and subsequently the hypoxic injury in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the Henle loop (Heyman et al., 2010). Up-regulation of adhesion molecules termed related to outer medullary

The Old Man and the Sea :: essays research papers

The book â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† was written by Hemingway in 1951. Just as Hemingway himself said, the work is the best one he ever wrote in his life. The book was so successful that it enabled Hemingway to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. The story of is quite simple: an Cuban fisherman finally fished a very big marlin after eighty four days’ taking no fish, but the fish was too big, the old man spent three days conquering the marlin. However, on his way home, he and the big fish were attacked by a lot of sharks. At last, when he came back, only the head, tail and vertebra of the fish remained. I was really moved after reading the book. I regarded the old man as a hero. After eight four days’ taking no fish, he decided to go farther on the eighty-fifth day. When meeting a big marlin, though he knew the fish was much more powerful than he was, he still determined to fight it unless he died. Because he thought he was born a fisherman. He won, for he finally killed the fish. Just as he said: â€Å"Every day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.† The old man had been ready very well. He had caught the chance. However, â€Å"Every day is a new day†, a pack of sharks broke all his hope. He never gave up, he fought with the sharks even after loosing his tools. This proved his bravery again, â€Å"Man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.† After the first shark took away about forty pounds of the fish, the old man said like that. I thought it also showed the topic meaning of the book. The old man really gave me a vivid lesson, not only by his heroic behaviors, but by his simple words. Isn’t it the attitude we should take forwards our lives? The old man is also very optimist at the same time. After the first shark’s attack, he said to himself â€Å"Think about something cheerful, old man. Every minute now you are closer to home. You sail lighter for the loss of forty pounds.† Other than complaining about the unfortunate things happened to him, the old man encouraged himself and used an optimist attitude to comfort himself.

The Missed Fly Ball :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Missed Fly Ball    It was only a fly ball, but I missed it.   I missed a fly ball in the final baseball game my 3rd grade year .   It was a beautiful day, a few clouds covering the extremely blue summer sky.   It was very hot. I remember this because of the tremendous amount of sweat that would run down my face while I stood out in right field.   When I heard that crack of the bat, all I could hope for was that the ball would not come my direction.   I have never had good luck, so the ball was coming right for me.   I didn't even have to move, all I did was put my glove in the air and again hope it hit my glove.   It did hit the glove but bounced right out and behind me.   Now all there was to do was pick up the ball and throw it.   It was not this simple for me.   I turned around, bent down for the ball, and after the third try successfully grabbed it and stood back up and prepared to throw.   Well the first thing that came to mind was just to fling it up in the air and hope it makes it to somebody around the base runner.   Considering my previous luck, I just threw it to the first basemen.   The throw was not any better then the catch.   It landed 5 feet short and by the time the first basemen recovered the runner had rounded third base and was at least halfway home.   The runner did score on a close play at the plate.   The run gave the other team a two run advantage going into the sixth inning, which was the last in midget league.   I knew at this point I was going to have a hard time facing the other guys on the team after this big let down.   It also made me decide to quit baseball all together.   Since quitting baseball at such a early age I missed on the opportunity to take part in what could have, at one time, been considered America's Pastime.    Once a few years later I started to learn how to play basketball for the first time.   It was just a few friends and myself down at the park shooting hoops.   I wasn't terrible, considering I had never really played before.   We played a few games of Horse and a few other simple shooting games.   I wasn't the best but I wasn't always last.   I was doing good until someone suggested we play twenty-one.

Sherlock Holmes stories became extremely successful and were enormously :: Free Essay Writer

Sherlock Holmes stories became extremely successful and were enormously popular amongst people. SHERLOCK HOLMES Sherlock Holmes detective stories have been known and loved by people all around the world. Something magical was about the character of Sherlock Holmes that makes him so famous all around the world. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote Sherlock Holmes stories. The author was a young age doctor in 1886 when he set up a medical practice in South sea, Hampshire. With fewer patients, making their way to his surgery there was a lot of free time when he scribbled down some ideas for a story involving a brilliant detective. Conan Doyle had already previously published some short stories and articles and had been working on two other novels when he became fascinated in writing an original detective novel. A Study in Scarlet was the first novel of Sherlock Holmes and was published in 1887. Despite establishing those characteristics of Sherlock Holmes, which was to make it so fascinating to read, the story attracted little attention. About 44 stories and novels have been published of Sherlock Holmes. These stories have been translated to nearly every language. Sherlock Holmes stories became extremely successful and were enormously popular amongst people. There were many reasons for the story to become so popular. The first and the main reason was that Sherlock Holmes was the man who solved all the crimes and always caught criminals. He was like the hero of the people in the Victorian time when crimes were so widespread. London was dark and there was no electricity at that time. People were scared to go out of their houses at night when crime levels were so high. A perfect example of it is jack the ripper. He was a violent murder and targeted pimps and prostitutes. To people’s horror he also use to post body parts to the police. The police could not catch him and people were getting furious with them. There was no safety to the people. In such a situation and environment, the hero for them was Sherlock Holmes. Not only that he always solved the case he also caught the criminals and was against evil. In his fiction stories, he was solving crimes that which people expected from the police in real life. People started getting interested in reading more and more about the character of Sherlock Holmes and the way he solved the case. It was an entertainment for people when they were travelling and there was nothing else to do. Sir Arthur Canon Doyle’s was now starting to run out of stories for Sherlock Holmes and even noted a point in his autobiography: â€Å"The

Historical Movie Review: Troy

Although the movie focuses more on the war and not so much on the Greek gods we still know why the war is started. The movie takes place in 1250 B. C. E. During the Bronze Age. After Paris, a Trojan prince, convinces Helen, the Queen of Sparta, to leave her husband Menelaus and come back with him to Troy a war is started. When Menelaus finds out his wife has been taken by Trojan he asks his brother Agamemnon to help him get his wife back. Agamemnon wants power so he decides to help his brother. They take 1,000 ships and 50,000 Greeks to Troy to complete their task.With Achilles† help the Greeks are able to fight the Trojan that have not once been conquered. But they are stopped by Hector who is the Prince of Troy and the conflicts begin. One of the overall errors the movie had was the costumes. The equipments the Greeks are shown having such as the large round shields and Achilles' helmet are from the Classical period. They used costumes from the 5-4th centuries BC. The time pe riod when the epic poem was set is earlier and in that time period the Greeks used small bowl-shaped helmets and light leather shields in the shape of the number eight.Also the umbrella used to shelter Paris and Helen during the parade in troy is modern, and we know this because of the metal spokes that were probably not invented yet. The necklaces worn by the actors have modern clasps and the women's airings have French hooks that most Bronze Age Jewelry didn't have. Later on when King Prima is showing Paris the sword of Troy we see a close-up view of the blade and it looks like steel or polished iron like a lot of the weapons in the movie. But in the Trojan War we are still in the Bronze Age and iron weapons wouldn't have been available yet.There were other mistakes the directors made such as the change of hair style for Helen when she is going back to the ships. Then when Patrols fights Hector in Achilles' armor, Hector stabs him in the chest which would leave a wound UT when Ach illes goes to fight Hector in the same armor no marks are see. Along with the errors of costumes there are errors in geography and the setting of the movie. In the scene where the Achaean fleet is seen villagers from the countryside begin to come into the city. Among the animals being lead there are llamas.It is geographically incorrect because llamas are from South America and they did not exist in Troy. More than once the sun is seen rising over the sea but that is not accurate because the sun rises in the east and the sea around Troy is in the north and west. Then the boy who is sent to find Achilles refers to Vagarious as the Thessalonians because he is from Thessaly but Thessalonians are people from the Greek city of Thessalonians which was settled 1000 years after the battle of Troy. Therefore the boy shouldn't have known or used the term Thessalonians.There are many historical events that the film Troy captures. It is amazing how many scenes the director got right but there a re also many historical inaccuracies in the movie. When the Greek leaders are lining up to offer gifts to Agamemnon, one of them is carrying a red-figured vase. Red-figure pottery which was made of red clay with a black glaze was not made until the 5th century which was later. Then iron weapons were first used by the Philistines around 11000 BC which was a couple of years after the Trojan War making it impossible for the Trojan to have used this type of â€Å"new technology' in the war.Overall I thought Troy was a very exciting and engaging movie. I usually don't watch action or thriller movies but this one actually seemed interesting. I like learning about Greek gods and Greek mythology and this movie incorporated some of it. I got to see a different side of it. I liked the way each warrior was represented and the different attitudes each were given. I didn't like the fact that they didn't add a title bit more of the Greek gods themselves and the story behind it.Each actor played their role to the fullest in my opinion. I could connect with each one and they allowed for an moving emotional experience. I was sad at times and happy at others. When Achilles goes to fight the movie got a little slow with all their talking beforehand. Et movie flowed together well and I understood the plot. The scenes leading up to the climax and after the climax were both good quality not like other movies where the falling action becomes vague and uninteresting. I would recommend this movie to a lot of people.

Developed Through Pips Visit To Satis Essay

Essay Title: Discuss How The Theme Of Class Is Developed Through Pips Visit To Satis (enough) House Charles Dickens’ expertly created bildungsroman about a youthful common boy’s desire to be a gentleman develops the theme of class and its social importance throughout the story. Dickens’ aim was to show the corruption in English society at the time and he displays it through Pip’s, the main character, visits to Satis house – a house owned by a mysterious, middle classed woman with a beautiful daughter that is bemused by Pip’s appearance and lower class and therefore abuses him for it. Dickens portraits the upper class as evil, selfish villains in the novel and is on the lower class peoples side, always revealing the disgraceful riches the upper class owned while the poor got poorer. Great Expectations is a social commentary that gives a strong opinion on society. Pip is a classic example of the lowest level of a working class child; he’s an orphan, lives a miserable life with his obnoxious and beastly sister, and gets abused by everyone that sees him. ‘Universal struggle,’ this is how Pip describes life as a desolate young boy. Pip strives to become his dream fantasy; a gleaming, bright gentleman and to do that he must overcome many things. Firstly, Pip can barely read or write, â€Å"I struggled through the alphabet as if it had been a bramble bush,† this just adds emphasis on the true lowness of Pip’s class as only the rich got educated while the poor got overlooked. In fact, when the poor did get educated, it was of a very low standard with the teachers sleeping in class and cramp, overheated rooms, with very little ventilation, much the contrary for the lavish, learning system accustomed to the rich and upper-class youths. Also, Pip is innumerate meaning he cant count, â€Å"I fell among the thieves, the nine figures,† this tells us that Pip is lacking basic life skills and must adapt to life without reading, writing and counting which adds to his struggle of dreaming to become a gentleman and gains sympathy off the reader because of his desperate situation. From pip’s first visit to Satis House, we realize the staggering difference between Pip and Miss Havisham’s child, Estella, and how their class and background affect their attitudes towards each other and their views on society and life overall. The setting of Satis House flabbergasts Pip so much, he can barely explain everything around him, â€Å"satins, and lace, and silks all of white†¦ † The description brings to mind a very rich, selfish and stagnant person which is how Dickens represents all the rich and upper-class people. Pip is confused of how to prepare himself for his first visit to Satis House, â€Å"I was not at ease regarding the manner in which I should acquaint myself under that lady’s roof. † This shows that the poor scarcely get in contact with the rich and are bewildered with how to present themselves. On the other hand, Estella proudly calls Pip by the name â€Å"boy† and mocks his clothes which in turn makes Pip realise his â€Å"lower class† so he therefore begins to clean and pamper himself after the suffering. Dickens builds up tension by describing Satis House as unkept and decayed which is a reflection of Miss Havisham’s odd personality and it’s a bit bias to be honest, because all Dickens’ fantasies about the rich being evil, rude and a bit crazy are fitted into one character especially and her eerie house. One time, Miss Havisham questions Pip in such a way at one point, that he gets scared out of his wits and his answers to her spiteful questions are all monosyllabic, â€Å"who is it? † â€Å"Pip†¦ † In essence, Dickens’ disrespect to the upper-class is such, that he represents them all in one lady that is so low, she bully’s innocent little boys and makes them feel ashamed for who they are and even makes Pip accept he’s lower then her which one may argue is a good thing as it inspires Pip to greatness later on but is atrocious, giving that status is not all there is to life. Estella is the â€Å"lady† in the book. When she meets Pip, her presence with him clearly shows the enormous gap between their two respected classes. Of her first few words to Pip, she looks at his tatty state and says disgustingly, â€Å"come here, boy. † She judged him by his looks and clothes and instantly recognized his lower state and treats him like an animal and he follows reluctantly, falling for her looks, â€Å"being a girl, beautiful and self-possessed. † By being attractive, Estella has a power over Pip that she can allow herself to be rude and sly to him, yet he will still fancy her, ridicule him and he’ll still show respect, so Estella has the upper hand in all cases. Dickens’ use of imagery glorifies Estella in every way as Pip is drawn to her, â€Å"like a moth to the light,† but in reality his desire to be good enough for Estella leads him to selfishness and being big-headed, just like the rest of the upper-class in Victorian England at the time, according to Dickens that is. Estella is very lucky, in the sense she has access to food and wines while Pip’s struggling for bare bones with bread and water for snacks. Unfortunately, this was the case for everyone at the time it was rare for the lower-class to have luxuries even close to those of the rich and it all blatantly shows between the meetings of Pip and Estella. â€Å"I wish my boots weren’t so thick nor my hands so coarse. † This is the moment Pip feels ashamed of himself for the first time. He accepts defeat in a cowardly manner and is disappointed at life and why he, amongst others, is a common, miserable and poor, weak boy. He even calls himself â€Å"ignorant and backwards,† in his defeat, which is quite the contrary really until after visiting miss Havisham and being in her household.

From Dancing Shoes to A High School Diploma Essay

I have always believed that something great was destined for each and everyone of us. No matter how hard we try, there are still certain things that we take for granted. Sometimes, these little things are the ones that matter in the end. From being the average student to the extraordinary dancer, these experiences have definitely helped shape who I am today. I am originally from Korea, where I finished my elementary and high school. School has always been a challenge for me, making me finish the elementary level with just average grades. I did not belong to the group of students who brought honor and pride to their parents because of exemplary performance in school. I was just an average student who would sit in class and listen to the lessons taught by the teachers. Middle school became another challenge for me. I was growing older, and wanted so much to fit in the crowd. I became more interested in hanging out with my friends rather than attending school and preparing myself for the real world. My grades started to deteriorate, and my teachers and my parents were alarmed with what was happening to me. I became clueless with what my goals in life should be. All I know was that I wanted to enjoy life and be with my friends. While I was still able to pass middle school, my grades were nowhere near impressive. I was still my old self–uninterested with school and dependent on what my peers would say. One day, a high school student approached me and asked me to join the dance club. I guess all of those dancing stints during parties paid off. I was accepted and was forever changed by my experience in the club. The few sessions I had with the dance club made me realize a lot of things. I learned the basics of hard work and determination. Dancing became a big part of my life. Whether it was daytime or night time, I was always dancing. Unfortunately, my grades were greatly affected again. They started to deteriorate, and this prompted my teachers to open my eyes to reality. My homeroom teacher constantly explained to me that dancing is a good hobby, for I am able to express myself creatively. However, she told me that I should pay more attention to my studies so that I may be able to enter a reputable high school. I ignored these statements and went on with the kind of lifestyle I was used to. The last year of middle school meant that we had to apply in different high schools. Together with my friends and peers, we started applying to the prestigious schools in our district. My friends were able to get accepted in some of these schools, unfortunately, I was not one of them. My unimpressive school transcript prevented me from being accepted in a reputable school. In short, I was rejected most of the time. My homeroom teacher became concerned with the situation, so she suggested that we enter a dance competition in order to get extra curricular points that may be included in our application forms. My friends and I thought that this was our last option to prove ourselves, so we decided to enter the said competition. I could definitely say that we gave our best, practicing until our bones and muscles hurt. Unfortunately, we were defeated in the preliminaries. I was greatly affected with the decision, making me cry my heart out. After all the hard work and dedication I gave for this competition, still it was not enough. I decided to live a new life from then on. Eventually, I was able to attend a high school away from my friends and family. I became determined more than ever to study hard and be someone. My lack of knowledge in middle school has made high school difficult for me. Being accepted in a reputable university was the hardest part of all. My hopes and dreams of actually succeeding in life started to diminish. With these in mind, I decided to learn a particular skill, no matter how difficult it was. Currently, I am in the United States hoping to somehow fulfill my dreams and aspirations. I am determined more than ever to study and learn to the best of my abilities, and avoid the mistakes that I have committed in the past. I learned that work and play should be balanced, and that there should be a set of priorities that should not be taken for granted. I am now aware that everything happens for a reason and that no time should be wasted. As I look back and recall my days in middle school, I cannot help but be disappointed in myself. If only I can go back in time and correct the mistakes I have committed in the past, I would do it. I have realized that opportunity only knocks once in a lifetime, and you can never go back to redo the things of the past. The said experience has helped me rise up and always be thankful that I am given another chance to fix my life.

Bypass the Story of a Road Analysis Essay

McGirr takes virtually every detour possible and in doing so seems to suggest that life’s journey is at its most interesting when one strays from the central path. It is in the towns and rest stations that McGirr encounters individuals with interesting stories to tell – stories that give McGirr’s narrative its essential variety and ‘life’. McGirr’s interest is not only in what lies off to the side of the ‘main road’ in a literal sense. He is attracted by the lives of ‘ordinary’ people who are not famous or even particularly successful. Even when relating incidents from his life as a priest he enjoys telling stories that would otherwise never appear in print: attending the wrong wedding reception; seeing a bride answer a mobile phone. He does occasionally refer to famous or powerful people; even here, though, his preference is for the little known incident over the important, nation-shaping decision – such as John Curtin’s midnight pot of tea in a Gundagai cafà ©. In short, McGirr suggests that, although the highway itself is valuable, we must not forget or neglect places and lives that the highway bypasses, for these too constitute the ‘life-blood’ of the nation. And similarly, although the nation’s central story or history is important – that of, say, the Anzacs, the explorers, the two world wars – the stories that lie off to the side of the historical mainstream are equally worth knowing, are equally valuable. As narrator and author of this narrative, McGirr has a lot of control over how he depicts himself. Indeed, ‘the power of the person who gets to tell the story’ (p.19) is considerable, as he notes when discussing Hovell’s power over Hume in that regard. McGirr is depicted as a fairly affable, if occasionally bumbling figure whose decision to leave the Jesuit order after twenty-one years is a life-changing one. The decision prompts him to experience a number of ‘firsts’: he buys property in Gunning; embarks on an intimate relationship with Jenny whom he subsequently marries and has children with; and decides to travel on a bike down the Hume Highway and document his progress. McGirr might come across as something of an ‘everyman’ figure but his life-experiences mark him as someone rather eclectic (unusual). McGirr displays a capacity for droll humour throughout the narrative, and also a willingness to reflect deeply on his experiences and those of others. His reflective tendencies see him discuss his struggle to sincerely uphold the vow of obedience when he was a member of the Jesuit order (p.173), and also his feeling of being alone when he first joined the order (p.229). It might be argued that McGirr is depicted as someone who thinks a little too much: the discussion of his dilemma about buying orange juice with the money allocated to new Jesuits for ‘emergencies’ (p.228) is an example. Fortunately, his capacity for reflection does not make the text too ponderous. McGirr’s accounts of his developing relationship with Jenny and his self-deprecatory asides about his weight (p.31, p.98), snoring (p.227), age (p.32) and tendency to lecture others (p.142) depict him as a jovial, likeable bloke. Bypass, a hybrid work of creative non-fiction is a memoir, travel story, social history, romance and road story. The literary devices used in Bypass enliven and enrich the writing with sparkling wit. For example: ‘Hovell had been a naval captain. On land, however, he was all at sea.’(p 19) ‘They were like fishermen who were prepared to dam their own river rather than let it starve them.’(p 48) ‘A roadhouse is a place where everything that can’t be eaten has been laminated, and not all the food can be eaten.’(p 66) ‘Guerrilla warfare is the opposite of God who, for some unknown reason, makes his or her absence felt even when present.’(p 81) ‘I came to Gunning to hide, but people kept finding me.’(p 97) ‘Sturt went blind trying to see what none had seen before.’(p 170) McGirr’s anger at some social problems is often expressed in blunt metaphors, for example, when discussing gaming machines in Goulburn he writes: ‘They are abattoirs of the human spirit.’(p 90) His love for language is reflected, for example, where the text is an extended reverie on arcane words and their meanings eg panier (p 98), or in his jovial attempt to find a word to describe a group of prime ministers (pp 153-4). Humour is one of the most appealing features Bypass, for example the discussion of caravans with a fellow traveller (pp 110-1). Michael McGirr is masterly in creating punch lines to end his stories. eg ‘I don’t believe in washing your dirty laundry in public.’(p 263) The Hume Highway: The Hume Highway runs for over eight hundred kilometres inland, between Sydney and Melbourne. Early settlers, such as Charles Throsby and Hume and Hovell, made journeys overland that eventuated in the Hume Highway being developed. The road, initially sometimes called the Great South Road in New South Wales and Sydney Road in what became Victoria, has been re-routed, extended and improved over time. In 1928, it became officially known as the Hume Highway. A number of towns originally on the Hume Highway have now been bypassed to reduce both travel times and the amount of traffic (especially trucks) passing through town centres. The meaning of bypass: The term bypass means to go around something; a road bypass normally goes around a town or the centre of a town. There are many such bypasses on the Hume Highway, allowing the traveller to avoid built up areas and suburban streets. However, although Bypass is the story of a journey along the Hume Highway, the title makes it clear that McGirr’s main interest is in how the road goes around places and people, and what the effects of this might be – both positive and negative. For more about McGirr’s engagement with the notion of a bypass, see the section on Themes, Ideas and Values. The main idea in the novel Bypass is the idea of a journey. In literal terms, Bypass: the story of a road tells the story of a physical journey from one point to another: in this case, from Sydney to Melbourne. However, McGirr makes clear that a journey can have qualities that are more metaphorical. The literary references to Don Quixote and Anna Karenina, in particular, suggest very different types of journeys. The quotation from Don Quixote, ‘there’s no road so smooth that it ain’t got a few potholes’, implicitly signals Sancho’s philosophical take on the nature of relationships and life more generally. This attitude towards the vicissitudes of life clearly informs the text as a whole. For instance, McGirr comments about the degree to which his ‘silly adventure’ might impact negatively on his relationship with Jenny (p.137). Likewise, the comments he makes about the truckies whose marriages can suffer from their long hours on the road (p.52), suggest that physical journeys and emotional journeys are closely intertwined. The frequent references to Anna Karenina also signal McGirr’s interest in the romantic and tragic dimensions of life. The flirtatious comments about McGirr’s relationship with Anna Karenina, his predilection for relinquishing (and then recovering) the text from time to time and the inevitable decision to place her in close proximity to a railway (p.260) work symbolically as a comment on life more generally, as well as on the plot of Tolstoy’s novel. After all, Tolstoy’s Anna throws herself in front of a train. McGirr is all too aware of the fragility of life – both on the road and beyond it. In this novel, death and memorial are also an important theme. The ultimate destination in life’s journey is death. McGirr does not shy away from discussing the fragility of life and makes much of the memorials on the Hume Highway. Death is something that cannot be bypassed and, like ‘the road [which] has no respect for persons or status’ (p.158), it comes to us all. As McGirr notes when reflecting on the cemetery in Gunning, ‘even a long life is short’ (p.7). For McGirr the Hume Highway is ‘sacred space’ (p.15); it is ‘lined with countless reminders of death’ (p.178) and memorialises both those who have died on it and those who have died at war. While McGirr is respectful and interested in the memorials dedicated to the war dead, his main priority is to acknowledge that death comes to all and that the lives of all ordinary Australians – including soldiers – are worth acknowledging and commemorating. Indeed, this is clearly conveyed by his juxtaposition of the near-death experience of Kerry Packer (p.40) and the funerals of the Queen Mother (p.255) and the Princess of Wales (p.256) with the experiences of less well-known individuals. Packer’s blunt assertion that there is no life beyond the grave is contrasted with the more positive reflection of a woman who believed that her husband had ‘gone to the great swap-meet in the sky’ (p.41). Similarly, the vast amount of coverage and ceremony afforded the funerals of the Queen Mother and the Princess of Wales is diametrically opposed to the more poignant account of the interment of Anton, a lonely old man whose funeral was attended by three people: the undertaker, Anton’s neighbour and McGirr in his role as priest (p.256). McGirr says of those like Anton, ‘At least God knew this person †¦ even if nobody else did’ (p.256). McGirr’s accounts of death or near-death experiences are most chilling when he considers those who have endured harrowing experiences on the road. His discussion of the murders committed by Ivan Milat (pp.70–4) and by bushrangers (pp.77–83) brings home the fact that ‘the Hume has a dark side’ (p.70). Not wanting to sensationalise – or justify – the actions of these men, McGirr nonetheless provides some background details to depict them in ways that are complex, non-judgemental and at times unnerving. ENTRY SEVEN: PHILOSOPHY IN BYPASS Given McGirr’s work as a priest for much of his life, it is not surprising that this text is largely preoccupied with issues of faith and philosophical ponderings about life more generally. McGirr makes clear his continued belief in God (p.174) but is not heavy-handed in his discussion of faith. The gently humorous and respectful way in which he recounts Jenny’s aphorisms (wise sayings) about life is a case in point. His recollection of Jenny’s remark that he should ‘just accept [the Hume Highway] for what it is †¦ you’ll enjoy it more’ (p.155) is exemplary. His discussion of Jenny’s view that there is a concave (negative and convex (optimistic) way of looking at the world (p.170) – and that he ‘might be right’ (p.170) in thinking that he has a concave approach to the world is similarly light-hearted in tone but relevant to the book’s overall interest in forms of belief. The light-hearted banter continues when McGirr discusses his acquisition of the Chinese philosophical text, Tao Te Ching. Its pithy words of wisdom are for McGirr redolent of the bumper sticker sayings that he has liberally peppered throughout his narrative. At times, McGirr’s discussion of philosophical matters takes on a more earnest tone. His discussion of how, as a priest, he subscribed to the vow of obedience in an effort to ‘make up a sense of purpose which I otherwise lacked’ (p.173) and his related anxiety that he would reach the ‘point at which you can no longer recognise yourself in the things you are starting to say or do’ (p.173) signal his need to be honest with himself as well as with others. His comment that ‘the secret of being human is learning how to enjoy our limitations’ (p.301) suggests that honesty and humility are part and parcel of a reflective existence, McGirr is also interested in the ways in which others concern themselves with spiritual matters. His discussion of the House of Prayer in Goulburn shows how prayer provides respite from the manic nature of everyday life and celebrates those like Catherine who dedicate their lives to helping others in need find peace (pp.85–6). In a very different and secular vein, McGirr recounts the belief Liz Vincent has in ghosts – of people and of the road. Although Vincent does not believe in God, McGirr seems fascinated by her stories and sensitively recounts her belief that ‘the people we love can scarcely bear to leave us and sometimes hang around as ghosts’ (p.59). Perhaps more interesting is Vincent’s claim that the old Hume Highway near Picton has a ‘ghostly presence of its own’ (p.59), appearing before unwary drivers’ eyes and beguiling them into believing that the phantom road they are following is the real thing (p.59). ENTRY EIGHT: THE POLITICS IN BYPASS In some ways Bypass is a book about power – about who has it and who does not. As McGirr writes, ‘Roads are political. Building them is a sign that somebody is the boss’ (p.14). McGirr’s discussion of the impact on Merri Creek of the F2 freeway into Melbourne (p.284), the ensuing court case and the verdict that ultimately endorsed the freeway project, exemplifies the political nature of road-making. The very essence of a bypass, for instance, is a political act and McGirr makes this clear when discussing the difficulties surrounding the decision to create an internal or an external bypass for Albury in the late 1990s (pp.203–6). Concerns about the economic effect of a route directing traffic away from town are weighed up with concerns about the impact of noise and pollution that a new road near or through a town invariably brings. Tussles between federal and state governments, as was the case with the Albury bypass, certainly highlight the political nature of road-making, as do arguments between different interest groups. The issue of the Albury bypass, along with the 1979 truck blockade staged between Camden and Picton on a notorious stretch of road known as razorback (pp.47–51), illustrate power struggles of very different sorts. McGirr also points out that the amount of money spent on roads as opposed to public transport is a political act. He writes that ‘in the last ten years, for every dollar spent on laying rail in Australia, eight dollars have been spent on highways’ (p.92). This pattern of spending is, he continues, ‘a symptom of something deeper because government spending decisions simply mirror the interests of voters’ (p.92). Bypass: the story of a road is particularly concerned with the way the highway has been the backdrop for various well-known and not so well-known aspects of Australia’s history. From Hume and Hovell’s early markings of the Hume Highway, to the increased tea ration bargained for by Jack Castrisson when John Curtin visited the Niagara Cafà © in Gundagai, to Ned Kelly’s exploits, to the antics of the humble, ordinary Australians who travel on the Hume year by year, McGirr celebrates the way aspects of Australia’s history are part and parcel of the Hume Highway’s rich narrative. McGirr’s interest in Australian history is, however, not indicative of a desire to celebrate or endorse conventional representations of Australia’s past. In a number of instances, McGirr wants to query the legitimacy of idealistic views of the nation’s evolution. McGirr challenges the idea that Australia is an egalitarian nation, for example, and claims tha t this view is a ‘myth’ (p.200). He also reminds readers of the fraught relationship between colonisers and Indigenous Australians when he discusses the life and death of an Aboriginal man named Bill Punch who survived a massacre as a baby and went on to fight for the Allies on the Western Front in World War I (pp.246–7). McGirr’s willingness to temper some representations of Australia’s past is underpinned by an appreciation of the power of language. He notes that those who are in a position to write about the past can have more agencies in their lives and also more control of history than those who don’t (p.19). This awareness allows him to ponder on the way bushrangers and explorers have been depicted over time, and how being literate can impact on the type of individual one becomes (pp.77–8). McGirr is attentive to the idea that some histories are not told and that those that are relayed are not always definitive. Bypass: the story of a road offers a quirky exploration of the Hume Highway and the personalities of the people whose lives have been touched by the road in one way or another. At the age of 40, former Jesuit priest, Michael McGirr – armed with not much more than a copy of Anna Karenina, some spare clothes and a less than state-of-the-art Chinese built bicycle – set out to ride the 880 kilometres (547 miles) of the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. While the ride forms the backdrop to McGirr’s book Bypass: The Story of a Road, like all good travelogue’s the ride itself is really just a frame to hang the real story around, which as the title suggests, is the story of the Hume Highway. From its humble beginnings as a rough track across the Great Dividing Range, to its current state as a modern dual carriageway, the Highway continues to serve as the major thoroughfare linking Australia’s two largest cities. Bypass took me on a wonderful jo urney covering the history of the Hume, and the politics that helped shape it. Along the way you meet some great – and not so great – Australian characters that have helped imprint the name of the highway into the Australian psyche. People like the 61 year old Cliff Young (great), who in 1983 won the inaugural Sydney to Melbourne foot race against competitors half his age. And men like Ivan Milat (not so great) who was convicted of the murder of seven young backpackers and hitch-hikers, all of whom he buried in the Belanglo State Forest. Then there are the explorers Hamilton Hume (after whom the Highway was eventually named) and William Hovell, who in 1824 along with at least six others, set of from Appin (near the present day Sydney suburb of Campbelltown) for the first successful quest to reach Melbourne. Through the novel, I also met truckies; the bushrangers Ben Hall and Ned Kelly; and the poets ‘Banjo’ Paterson and Henry Lawson. I attended a Catholic Mass in Tarcutta – officially the halfway point between Sydney and Melbourne – where apart from the priest and two parishioners, the only other people in attendance are the author of Bypass and his companion Jenny, who has by this tim e joined him on his ride to Melbourne. Reading this book, it seemed like I visited almost every country town along the route of the Hume Highway, and learn something about each of them. Towns like Goulburn, famous for the Big Merino and Goulburn Jail (where Ivan Milat is currently serving seven life sentences). I visited Holbrook and learn why the outer shell of the Oberon Class submarine HMAS Otway now sits in a public park in the middle of town. In Chiltern we pass by the childhood home of the Australian writer Henry Handel Richardson, and learn that Henry’s real name was Ethel Florence. I learned too, that like other female writers have done throughout history, Ethel wrote under a male nom de plume because at the time it was felt that women didn’t have what it took to be great writers. And I also visited the town of Yass, and drop by the Liberty Cafà © for a meal before continuing on the journey, and turning page after page. Across its many short chapters, Bypass also introduced me to some of the thousands of bumper stickers that adorn the rear ends of many Australian vehicles. In fact, McGirr uses stickers as chapter headings to introduce the readers to every aspect of his journey. Thus, the bumper sticker THE OLDER I GET THE BETTER I WAS, allows him to explain some of his own personal story and the reasons for his decision to ride the Hume Highway. In the chapter THE GODDESS IS DANCING, McGirr introduces us to his riding partner Jenny, and in DEATH IS THE MANUFACTURER’S RECALL NOTICE, we pause to learn about some of the many roadside memorials that mark the sites of fatal road accidents that line the Highway. To conclude, the book is immensely readable, always entertaining and informative, often surprising, and constantly filled with odd facts and humorous anecdotes. These keep the story moving along smoothly and effortlessly – which cannot always be said of Michael McGirr’s monumental bike ride.

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